Christopher A. Scholin

Scholin, C. 2025. Oceanography in the age of intelligent robots and a changing climate. Oceanography, 38(3):60-73. https://doi.org/27403349

Kelly, R.P., D.M. Lodge, K.N. Lee, S. Theroux, A.J. Sepulveda, C.A. Scholin, J.M. Craine, E.A. Allan, K.M. Nichols, K.M. Parsons, K.D. Goodwin, Z. Gold, F.P. Chavez, R.T. Noble, C.L. Abbott, M.R. Baerwald, A.M. Naaum, P.M. Thielen, A.L. Simons, C.L. Jerde, J.J. Duda, M.E. Hunter, J.A. Hagan, R.S. Meyer, J.A. Steele, M.Y. Stoeckle, H.M. Bik, C.P. Meyer, E. Stein, K.E. James, A.C. Thomas, E. Demir-Hilton, M.A. Timmers, J.F. Griffith, M.J. Weise, and S.B. Weisberg. 2024. Toward a national eDNA strategy for the United States. Environmental DNA, 6(1): e432. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.432

Preston, C., K. Yamahara, D. Pargett, C. Weinstock, J. Birch, B. Roman, S. Jensen, B. Connon, R. Jenkins,J. Ryan, and C. Scholin. 2024. Autonomous eDNA collection using an uncrewed surface vessel over a 4200-km transect of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Environmental DNA, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.468

Zhang, Y., B. Kieft, B. W. Hobson, Y. Raanan, W. Ussler, C. M. Preston, R. M. Errera, P. A. Den Uyl, A. V. Woude, G. J. Doucette, S. A. Ruberg, K. D. Goodwin, J. M. Birch, and C.A. Scholin. 2024. Using a long-range autonomous underwater vehicle to find and sample harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 22(7): 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10621

Zhang, Y., B. Kieft, B. W. Hobson, Q. Shemet, C. M. Preston, C. Wahl, K. J. Pitz, K. J. Benoit-Bird, J. M. Birch, F. P. Chavez, and C. A. Scholin. 2024. Coordinated and collaborative sampling by two long-range autonomous underwater vehicles. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 49(4):1371-1382. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2024.3408889

Den Uyl, P. A., L.R. Thompson, R.M. Errera, J.M. Birch, C.M. Preston, W.I. Ussler, C.E. Yancey, S.R. Chaganti, S.A. Ruberg, G.J. Doucette, G. J. Dick, C.A. Scholin, and K.D. Goodwin. 2022. Lake Erie field trials to advance autonomous monitoring of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1021952

Searcy, R.T., A.B. Boehm, C. Weinstock, C.M. Preston, S. Jensen, B. Roman, J.M. Birch, C.A. Scholin, K.S. Van Houtan, J.D. Kiernan, and K.M. Yamahara. 2022. High‐frequency and long‐term observations of eDNA from imperiled salmonids in a coastal stream: Temporal dynamics, relationships with environmental factors, and comparisons with conventional observations. Environmental DNA, 4(4): 776–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.293

Zhang, Y., B. Kieft, B.W. Hobson, B.Y. Raanan, S. Urmy, K.J. Pitz, C.M. Preston, B. Roman, K.J. Benoit-Bird, J.M. Birch, F.P. Chavez, and C.A. Scholin. 2021. Persistent sampling of vertically migrating biological layers by an autonomous underwater vehicle within the beam of a seabed-mounted echosounder. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 46: 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2020.2982811

Chavez, F.P., M. Min, K. Pitz, N. Truelove, J. Baker, D. LaScala-Grunewald, M. Blum, K. Walz, C. Nye, A. Djurhuus, R.J. Miller, K.D. Goodwin, F.E. Muller-Karger, H.A. Ruhl, and C.A. Scholin. 2021. Observing life in the sea using environmental DNA. Oceanography, 34: 102–119. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.218

Zhang, Y., J.P. Ryan, B.W. Hobson, B. Kieft, A. Romano, B. Barone, C.M. Preston, B. Roman, B.Y. Raanan, D. Pargett, M. Dugenne, A.E. White, F. Henderikx Freitas, S. Poulos, S.T. Wilson, E.F. DeLong, D.M. Karl, J.M. Birch, J.G. Bellingham, and C.A. Scholin. 2021. A system of coordinated autonomous robots for Lagrangian studies of microbes in the oceanic deep chlorophyll maximum. Science Robotics, 6: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abb9138

Nowinski, B., C.B. Smith, C.M. Thomas, K. Esson, R. Marin III, C.M. Preston, J.M. Birch, C.A. Scholin, M. Huntemann, A. Clum, B. Foster, B. Foster, S. Roux, K. Palaniappan, N. Varghese, S. Mukherjee, T.K.B. Reddy, C. Daum, A. Copeland, I.M.A. Chen, N.N. Ivanova, N.C. Kyrpides, T. Glavina del Rio, W.B. Whitman, R.P. Kiene, E.A. Eloe-Fadrosh, and M.A. Moran. 2019. Microbial metagenomes and metatranscriptomes during a coastal phytoplankton bloom. Scientific Data, 6: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0132-4

Nowinski, B., J. Motard-Cote, M. Landa, C.M. Preston, C.A. Scholin, J.M. Birch, R.P. Kiene, and M.A. Moran. 2019. Microdiversity and temporal dynamics of marine bacterial dimethylsulfoniopropionate genes. Environmental Microbiology, 21: 1687–1701. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14560

Kiene, R.P., B. Nowinski, K. Esson, C. Preston, R. Marin III, J. Birch, C. Scholin, J. Ryan, and M.A. Moran. 2019. Unprecedented DMSP Concentrations in a Massive Dinoflagellate Bloom in Monterey Bay, CA. Geophysical Research Letters, 46: 12279–12288. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085496

Krolicka, A., C. Boccadoro, M.M. Nilsen, E. Demir-Hilton, J. Birch, C. Preston, C. Scholin, and T. Baussant. 2019. Identification of microbial key-indicators of oil contamination at sea through tracking of oil biotransformation: An Arctic field and laboratory study. Science of the Total Environment, 696: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133715

Yamahara, K.M., C.M. Preston, J. Birch, K.R. Walz, R. Marin III, S. Jensen, D. Pargett, B. Roman, W. Ussler III, Y. Zhang, J. Ryan, B. Hobson, B. Kieft, B.Y. Raanan, K.D. Goodwin, F.P. Chavez, and C.A. Scholin. 2019. In situ Autonomous Acquisition and Preservation of Marine Environmental DNA Using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00373

Kolody, B.C., J.P. McCrow, L. Zeigler Allen, F.O. Aylward, K.M. Fontanez, A. Moustafa, M. Moniruzzaman, F.P. Chavez, C.A. Scholin, E.E. Allen, A.Z. Worden, E.F. DeLong, and A.E. Allen. 2019. Diel transcriptional response of a California Current plankton microbiome to light, low iron, and enduring viral infection. The ISME Journal, 13: 2817–2833. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0472-2

Zhang, Y., J.P. Ryan, B. Kieft, B.W. Hobson, R.S. McEwen, M.A. Godin, J.B. Harvey, B. Barone, J.G. Bellingham, J.M. Birch, C.A. Scholin, and F.P. Chavez. 2019. Targeted sampling by autonomous underwater vehicles. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00415

Bowers, H.A., J.P. Ryan, K. Hayashi, A.L. Woods, R. Marin III, G.J. Smith, K.A. Hubbard, G. Doucette, C. Mikulski, A.G. Gellene, Y. Zhang, R. Kudela, D. Caron, J. Birch, and C. Scholin. 2018. Diversity and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in Monterey Bay: Perspectives from targeted and adaptive sampling. Harmful Algae, 78: 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.006

Birch, J.M., B. Barone, E. DeLong, G. Foreman, K. Gomes, B. Hobson, S. Jensen, D.M. Karl, B. Kieft, T. O'Reilly, D. Pargett, C. Preston, B. Roman, A. Romano, J. Ryan, C.A. Scholin, W. Ussler, K. Yamahara, and Y. Zhang. 2018. Autonomous targeted sampling of the deep chlorophyll maximum layer in a subtropical north Pacific eddy. OCEANS 2018 MTS/IEEE Charleston, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1109/OCEANS.2018.8604898.

Caron, D.A., A.G. Gellene, J. Smith, E.L. Seubert, V. Campbell, G.S. Sukhatme, B. Seegers, B.H. Jones, A.A.Y. Lie, R. Terrado, M.D.A. Howard, R.M. Kudela, K. Hayashi, J. Ryan, J. Birch, E. Demir-Hilton, K. Yamahara, C. Scholin, M. Mengel, and G. Robertson. 2017. Response of phytoplankton and bacterial biomass during a wastewater effluent diversion into nearshore coastal waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 186: 223–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.09.013

Chavez, F.P., P.G. Brewer, and C.A. Scholin. Special issue on celebrating 30 years of ocean science and technology at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Oceanography, 30. https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-30-issue-04

Scholin, C.A., J. Birch, S. Jensen, R. Marin III, E. Massion, D. Pargett, C. Preston, B. Roman, and W. Ussler III. 2017. The quest to develop ecogenomic sensors: A 25-Year history of the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) as a case study. Oceanography, 30: 100–113. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.427

Olins, H.C., D.R. Rogers, C. Preston, W. Ussler III, D. Pargett, S. Jensen, B. Roman, J.M. Birch, C.A. Scholin, M.F. Haroon, and P.R. Girguis. 2017. Co-registered Geochemistry and Metatranscriptomics Reveal Unexpected Distributions of Microbial Activity within a Hydrothermal Vent Field. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01042

Ryan, J.P., R.M. Kudela, J.M. Birch, M. Blum, H.A. Bowers, F.P. Chavez, G.J. Doucette, K. Hayashi, R. Marin III, C.M. Mikulski, T. Pennington, C.A. Scholin, G.J. Smith, A. Woods, and Y. Zhang. 2017. Causality of an extreme harmful algal bloom in Monterey Bay, California, during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific warm anomaly. Geophysical Research Letters, 44: 5571–5579. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072637

Chavez, F.P., P.G. Brewer, and C.A. Scholin. 2017. Celebrating 30 years of ocean science technology at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Oceanography, 30: 18–25. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.420

Bowers, H.A., J. Ryan, R. Marin III, J.M. Birch, and C.A. Scholin. 2017. Sandwich hybridization probes for the detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species: An update to existing probes and a description of new probes Harmful Algae, 70: 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.10.005    

Bowers, H.A., R. Marin III, J.M. Birch, C.A. Scholin, and G.J. Doucette. 2016. Recovery and identification of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) frustules from natural samples acquired using the environmental sample processor. Journal of Phycology, 52: 135–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12369

Herfort, L., C. Seaton, M. Wilkin, B. Roman, C.M. Preston, R. Marin, K. Seitz, M.W. Smith, V. Haynes, C.A. Scholin, A.M. Baptista, and H.M. Simon. 2016. Use of continuous, real-time observations and model simulations to achieve autonomous, adaptive sampling of microbial processes with a robotic sampler. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 14: 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10069

Yamahara, K.M., E. Demir-Hilton, C.M. Preston, R. Marin III, D. Pargett, B. Roman, S. Jensen, J.M. Birch, A.B. Boehm, and C.A. Scholin. 2015. Simultaneous monitoring of faecal indicators and harmful algae using an in-situ autonomous sensor. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 61: 130–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12432

Aylward, F.O., J.M. Eppley, J.M. Smith, F.P. Chavez, C.A. Scholin, and E.F. DeLong. 2015. Microbial community transcriptional networks are conserved in three domains at ocean basin scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112: 5443–5448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502883112

Varaljay, V.A., J. Robidart, C.M. Preston, S.M. Gifford, B.P. Durham, A.S. Burns, J.P. Ryan, R. Marin, III, R.P. Kiene, J.P. Zehr, C.A. Scholin, and M. Ann Moran. 2015. Single-taxon field measurements of bacterial gene regulation controlling DMSP fate. ISME Journal, 9: 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.94

Seegers, B.N., J.M. Birch, R. Marin, C.A. Scholin, D.A. Caron, E.L. Seubert, M.D.A. Howard, G.L. Robertson, and B.H. Jones. 2015. Subsurface seeding of surface harmful algal blooms observed through the integration of autonomous gliders, moored environmental sample processors, and satellite remote sensing in southern California. Limnology and Oceanography, 60: 754–764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10082

Pargett, D.M., J.M. Birch, C.M. Preston, J.P. Ryan, Y. Zhang, and C.A. Scholin. 2015. Development of a mobile ecogenomic sensor. Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Oceans Conference, 2015: 1–6.

Zhang, Y., B. Kieft, R. McEwen, M.J. Stanway, J. Bellingham, J. Ryan, B. Hobson, D. Pargett, J. Birch, and C. Scholin. 2015. Tracking and sampling of a phytoplankton patch by an autonomous underwater vehicle in drifting mode. Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Oceans Conference, Genova, 18–21 May 2015.

Ottesen, E.A., C.R. Young, S.M. Gifford, J.M. Eppley, R. Marin III, S.C. Schuster, C.A. Scholin, and E.F. DeLong. 2014. Multispecies diel transcriptional oscillations in open ocean heterotrophic bacterial assemblages. Science, 345: 207–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252476

Robidart, J.C., M.J. Church, J.P. Ryan, F. Ascani, S.T. Wilson, D. Bombar, R. Marin III, K.J. Richards, D.M. Karl, C.A. Scholin, and J.P. Zehr. 2014. Ecogenomic sensor reveals controls on N2-fixing microorganisms in the North Pacific Ocean. The ISME Journal, 8: 1175–1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.244

Ussler III, W., C.M. Preston, P. Tavormina, D. Pargett, S. Jensen, B. Roman, R. Marin III, S.R. Shah, P.R. Girguis, J.M. Birch, V.J. Orphan, and C. Scholin. 2013. Autonomous application of quantitative PCR in the deep sea: In situ surveys of aerobic methanotrophs using the deep-sea Environmental Sample Processor. Environmental Science and Technology, 47: 9339–9346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4023199

Ottesen, E.A., C.R. Young, J.M. Eppley, J.P. Ryan, F.P. Chavez, C.A. Scholin, and E.F. DeLong. 2013. Pattern and synchrony of gene expression among sympatric marine microbial populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110: E488–E497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222099110

Scholin, C.A. 2013. Ecogenomic Sensors. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2: 690–700.

Pargett, D.M., S.D. Jensen, B.A. Roman, C.M. Preston, W. Ussler III, P.R. Girguis, R. Marin III, J.M. Birch, and C.A. Scholin. 2013. Deep water instrument for microbial identification, quantification, and archiving. Proceedings of Marine Technology Society/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Oceans '13, San Diego, 23–26 September 2013.

Harvey, J.B.J., J.P. Ryan, R. Marin III, C.M. Preston, N. Alvarado, C.A. Scholin, and R.C. Vrijenhoek. 2012. Robotic sampling, in situ monitoring and molecular detection of marine zooplankton. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 413: 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.11.022

Robidart, J.C., C.M. Preston, R.W. Paerl, K.A. Turk, A.C. Mosier, C.A. Francis, C.A. Scholin, and J.P. Zehr. 2012. Seasonal Synechococcus and Thaumarchaeal population dynamics examined with high resolution with remote in situ instrumentation. The ISME Journal, 6: 513–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.127

Saito, M.A., V.V. Bulygin, D.M. Moran, C. Taylor, and C. Scholin. 2011. Examination of microbial proteome preservation techniques applicable to autonomous environmental sample collection. Frontiers in Aquatic Microbiology, 2: 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00215

Preston, C.M., A. Harris, J.P. Ryan, B. Roman, R. Marin III, S. Jensen, C. Everlove, J. Birch, J.M. Dzenitis, D. Pargett, M. Adachi, K. Turk, J.P. Zehr, and C.A. Scholin. 2011. Underwater application of quantitative PCR on an ocean mooring. PLoS ONE, 6: E22522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022522

Ottesen, E.A., R. Marin III, C.M. Preston, C.R. Young, J.P. Ryan, C.A. Scholin, and E.F. DeLong. 2011. Metatranscriptomic analysis of autonomously collected and preserved marine bacterioplankton. The ISME Journal, 5: 1881–1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.70

Ryan, J., D. Greenfield, R. Marin III, C. Preston, B. Roman, S. Jensen, D. Pargett, J. Birch, C. Mikulski, G. Doucette, and C. Scholin. 2011. Harmful phytoplankton ecology studies using an autonomous molecular analytical and ocean observing network. Limnology and Oceanography, 56: 1255–1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1255

Zehr, J.P., J. Robidart, and C. Scholin. 2011. Global environmental change demands a deeper understanding of how marine microbes drive global ecosystems. Microbe Magazine, 6: 169–175.

Marin III, R., and C. Scholin. 2010. Sandwich Hybridization. IOC Manuals and Guides: Microscopic and molecular methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis, 55: 110.

Scholin, C. 2010. What are “ecogenomic sensors?” A review and thoughts for the future. Ocean Science, 6: 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-51-2010

Doucette, G.J., C. Mikulski, K.L. Jones, K.L. King, D. Greenfield, R. Marin III, S. Jensen, B. Roman, C.T. Elliott, and C. Scholin. 2009. Remote, subsurface detection of the algal toxin domoic acid onboard the Environmental Sample Processor: Assay development and initial field trials. Harmful Algae, 8: 880–888.

Scholin, C., G. Doucette, S. Jensen, B. Roman, D. Pargett, R. Marin III, C. Preston, W. Jones, J. Feldman, C. Everlove, A. Harris, N. Alvarado, E. Massion, J. Birch, D. Greenfield, R.C. Vrijenhoek, C. Mikulski, and K. Jones. 2009. Remote detection of marine microbes, small invertebrates, harmful algae and biotoxins using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP). Oceanography, 22: 158–167.

Preston, C.M., R. Marin III, S.D. Jensen, J. Feldman, J.M. Birch, E.I. Massion, E.F. DeLong, M. Suzuki, K. Wheeler, and C.A. Scholin. 2009. Near real-time, autonomous detection of marine bacterioplankton on a coastal mooring in Monterey Bay, California, using rRNA-targeted DNA probes. Environmental Microbiology, 11: 1168–1180.

Haywood, A.J., C. Scholin, R. Marin III, K. Petrik, R. Pigg, M. Garrett, K.A. Steidinger, and C. Heil. 2009. Detection of Karenia brevis in Florida coastal waters using sandwich hybridization assays in two formats. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety.

Greenfield, D., R. Marin III, G.J. Doucette, C. Mikulski, S. Jensen, B. Roman, N. Alvarado, and C.A. Scholin. 2008. Field applications of the second-generation Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) for remote detection of harmful algae: 2006–2007. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 6: 667–679.

Jones, W.J., C.M. Preston, R. Marin III, C.A. Scholin, and R.C. Vrijenhoek. 2008. A robotic molecular method for in situ detection of marine invertebrate larvae. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8: 540–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02021.x

Mikulski, C.M., Y.T. Park, K.L. Jones, C.K. Lee, W.A. Lim, C.A. Scholin, and G.J. Doucette. 2008. Development and field application of rRNA-targeted probes for the detection of Cochlodinium ploykrikoides in Korean coastal waters using whole cell and sandwich hybridization formats. Harmful Algae, 7: 347–359.

Scholin, C.A., G.J. Doucette, and A.D. Cembella. 2008. Prospects for developing automated systems for in situ detection of harmful algae and their toxins. Real-Time Coastal Observing Systems for Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms: 413–462.

Roman, B., C.A. Scholin, S. Jensen, E. Massion, R. Marin III, C. Preston, D. Greenfield, W. Jones, and K. Wheeler. 2007. Controlling a robotic marine water sampler with the Ruby scripting language. Journal of American Laboratory Automation, 12: 56–61.

Haywood, A.J., C.A. Scholin, R. Marin III, K.A. Steidinger, C. Heil, and J. Ray. 2007. Molecular detection of the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate Karenia brevis and closely related species using rRNA-targeted probes and a semiautomated sandwich hybridization assay. Journal of Phycology, 43: 1271–1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00407.x

Paul, J., C.A. Scholin, G. Van den Engh, and M.J. Perry. 2007. In-situ instrumentation. Oceanography, 20: 58–66.

Greenfield, D.I., R. Marin III, S. Jensen, E. Massion, B. Roman, J. Feldman, and C.A. Scholin. 2006. Application of the environmental sample processor (ESP) methodology for quantifying Pseudo-nitzschia australis using ribosomal RNA-targeted probes in sandwich and fluorescent in situ hybridization formats. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 4: 426–435.

Metfies, K., K. Töbe, C.A. Scholin, and L.K. Medlin. 2006. Laboratory and field applications of ribosomal RNA probes to aid the detection and monitoring of harmful algae. Ecology of Harmful Algae: 311–325.

Goffredi, S.K., W.J. Jones, C.A. Scholin, R. Marin III, and R.C. Vrijenhoek. 2006. Molecular detection of marine invertebrate larvae. Marine Biotechnology, 8: 149–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-005-5016-2

Lundholm, N., Ø. Moestrup, Y. Kotaki, C.A. Scholin, and P. Miller. 2006. Inter- and intraspecific variation of the Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima-complex (Bacillariophyceae) illustrated by rRNA probes, morphological data and phylogenetic analyses identification of P. decipiens and P. dolorosa. Journal of Phycology, 42: 464–481.

O'Halloran, C., M.W. Silver, T.R. Holman, and C.A. Scholin. 2006. Heterosigma akashiwo in Central California waters. Harmful Algae, 5: 124–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2005.06.009

Scholin, C.A., S. Jensen, B. Roman, E. Massion, R. Marin III, C. Preston, D. Greenfield, W. Jones, and K. Wheeler. 2006. The Environmental Sample Processor (ESP)― An autonomous robotic device for detecting microorganisms remotely using molecular probe technology. Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Oceans Conference.

Ryan, J.P., H.M. Dierssen, R.M. Kudela, C.A. Scholin, K.S. Johnson, J.M. Sullivan, A.M. Fischer, E.V. Rienecker, P.R. McEnaney, and F.P. Chavez. 2005. Coastal ocean physics and red tides: An example from Monterey Bay, California. Oceanography, 18: 246–255.

Anderson, D.M., D.M. Kulis, B.A. Keafer, K.E. Gribble, R. Marin III, and C.A. Scholin. 2005. Identification and enumeration of Alexandrium spp. from the Gulf of Maine using molecular probes. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 52: 2467–2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.015

Ayers, K., L. Rhodes, J. Tyrrell, M. Gladstone, and C.A. Scholin. 2005. International accreditation of sandwich hybridisation assay format DNA probes for micro-algae. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39: 1225–1231.

Babin, M., J.J. Cullen, C.S. Roesler, P.L. Donaghay, G.J. Doucette, M. Kahru, M.R. Lewis, C.A. Scholin, M.E. Sieracki, and H.M. Sosik. 2005. New approaches and technologies for observing harmful algal blooms. Oceanography, 18: 210–227.

Goffredi, S.K., W.J. Jones, C.A. Scholin, R. Marin III, and R.C. Vrijenhoek. 2005. Molecular detection of marine larvae. Marine Molecular Biotechnology, 8: 1–12.

LaGier, M.J., C.A. Scholin, J.W. Fell, J. Wang, and K.D. Goodwin. 2005. An electrochemical RNA hybridization assay for detection of the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 1251–1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.034

Roman, B., C.A. Scholin, S. Jensen, R. Marin III, E. Massion, and J. Feldman. 2005. The second generation environmental sample processor: Evolution of a robotic underwater biochemical laboratory. Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Oceans Conference.

Matweyou, J.A., D.A. Stockwell, C. Scholin, S. Hall, V.L. Trainer, J.D. Ray, T.E. Whitledge, A.R. Childers, and F.G. Plumley. 2004. Use of Alexandrium rRNA targeted probes to predict PSP events on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Harmful Algae 2002: 267–269.

Miller, P.E., R. Marin III, C. Scholin, J.C. Goldman, G. Doucette, and C. Powell. 2004. Variation in reactivity of rRNA-targeted probes towards Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries grown in nitrate- and silicate-limited continuous cultures. Harmful Algae 2002: 270–272.

Rhodes, L., A. Haywood, J. Adamson, K. Ponikla, and C. Scholin. 2004. DNA probes for the rapid detection of Karenia species in New Zealand's coastal waters. Harmful Algae 2002: 273–275.

Matweyou, J.A., D.A. Stockwell, C.A. Scholin, S. Hall, V.L. Trainer, J.D. Ray, T.E. Whitledge, A.R. Childers, and F.G. Plumley. 2003. Use of Alexandrium rRNA targeted probes to predict PSP events on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae.

Scholin, C.A. 2003. Molecular biological technologies applicable to autonomous and lagrangian platforms. Autonomous and Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors Workshop.

Scholin, C.A., E. Vrieling, L. Peperzak, L. Rhodes, and P. Rublee. 2003. Detection of HAB species using lectin, antibody and DNA probes. In Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, edited by G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson, and A.D. Cembella, 131–164. Paris: UNESCO, 2003.

Peperzak, L., B. Sandee, C. Scholin, P. Miller, and L. Van Nieuwerburgh. 2002. Application and flow cytometric detection of antibody and rRNA probes to Gymnodinium mikimotoi (Dinophyceae) and Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae). Harmful Algal Blooms 2000: 206–209.

Rhodes, L., C. Scholin, J. Tyrrell, J. Adamson , and K. Todd. 2002. The integration of DNA probes into New Zealand's routine phytoplankton monitoring programmes. Harmful Algal Blooms 2000: 429–432.

Scholin, C.A., E. Vrieling, L. Peperzak, L. Rhodes, and P. Rublee. 2002. Detection of HAB species using lectin, antibody, and DNA probes. Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.

Tyrrell, J.V., L.B. Connell, and C.A. Scholin. 2002. Monitoring for Heterosigma akashiwo using a sandwich hybridization assay. Harmful Algae, 1: 205–214.

Tyrrell, J.V., P.R. Bergquist, P.L. Bergquist, and C.A. Scholin. 2001. Detection and enumeration of Heterosigma akashiwo and Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) using rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Phycologia, 40: 457–467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-40-5-457.1

Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F.P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. De Vogelaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J. Lowenstine, R. Marin III, P.E. Miller, W.A. McLellan, P.D.R. Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M.W. Silver, T. Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature, 403: 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/47481

Miller, P.E., and C.A. Scholin. 2000. On detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species using whole cell hybridization: Sample fixation and stability. Journal of Phycology, 36: 251–265.

Miller, P.E., and C.A. Scholin. 2000. On detection of Pseudo-nitzschia species using rRNA-targeted probes: Sample fixation and stability. Journal of Phycology, 36: 238–250.

Rhodes, L.L., J. Adamson, and C.A. Scholin. 2000. Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata (Bacillariophyceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 34: 463–467.

Scholin, C.A. 2000. Application of DNA probes for detection of harmful algae. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19: 637.

Bates, S.S., C. Scholin, M. Ferguson, and C. Leger. 1999. Application of ribosomal RNA targeted probes to detect Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pungens in Atlantic Canadian waters. Canadian Technical reports on fisheries and aquatic sciences, 2261: 63–67.

Parsons, M.L., C. Scholin, G.J. Doucette, G.A. Fryxell, Q. Dortch, and T.M. Soniat. 1999. Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in Louisiana coastal waters: Molecular probe field trials, genetic variability and domoic acid analyses. Journal of Phycology, 35: 1368–1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561368.x

Scholin, C., R. Marin III, P.E. Miller, G.J. Doucette, C.L. Powell, J. Howard, P. Haydock, and J. Ray. 1999. Application of DNA probes and a receptor binding assay for detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species and domoic acid activity in cultured and natural samples. Journal of Phycology, 35: 1356–1367.

Scholin, C.A., R. Marin III, P.E. Miller, G.J. Doucette, C.L. Powell, P. Haydock, J. Howard, and J. Ray. 1999. DNA probes and a receptor-binding assay for detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species and domoic acid activity in cultured and natural samples. Journal of Phycology, 35: 1356–1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561356.x

Miller, P.E., and C.A. Scholin. 1998. Identification and enumeration of cultured and wild Pseudo-Nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) using species-specific LSU rRNA-targeted fluorescent probes and filter-based whole cell hybridization. Journal of Phycology, 34: 371–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340371.x

Rhodes, L.L., C. Scholin, I. Garthwaite, A. Haywood, and A. Thomas. 1998. Domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species educed by whole cell DNA probebased and immunochemical assays. Harmful algae, 274–277.

Scholin, C., G. Massion, E. Mellinger, M. Brown, D.K. Wright, and D. Cline. 1998. The development and application of molecular probes and novel instrumentation for detection of harmful algae. Ocean community conference '98, MTS, 1: 367–370.

Scholin, C.A. 1998. Development of nucleic acid probe-based diagnostics for identifying and enumerating harmful algal bloom species. The Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms.

Scholin, C.A. 1998. Morphological, genetic, and biogeographic relationships of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense, A. catenella, and A. fundyense.

Scholin, C., P. Miller, K. Buck, F. Chavez, P. Harris, P. Haydock, J. Howard, and G. Cangelosi. 1997. Detection and quantification of Pseudo-nitzschia australis in cultured and natural populations using LSU rRNA-targeted probes. Limnology and Oceanography, 42: 1265–1272.

Cangelosi, G.A., A.M. Hamlin, R. Marin III, and C.A. Scholin. 1997. Detection of stable pre-rRNA in toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63: 4859–4865.

Scholin, C.A., K.R. Buck, T. Britschgi, G. Cangelosi, and F.P. Chavez. 1996. Identification of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) using rRNA-targeted probes in whole cell and sandwich hybridization formats. Phycologia, 35: 190–197.

Scholin, C.A., P. Miller, K.R. Buck, F.P. Chavez, G. Cangelosi, P. Haydock, J. Howard, and P. Harris. 1996. DNA probe-based detection of harmful algal species using Pseudo-nitzschia species as models. Harmful and toxic algal blooms: 439–442.

Miller, P.E., and C.A. Scholin. 1996. Identification of cultured Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) using species-specific LSU rRNA-targeted fluorescent probes. Journal of Phycology, 32: 646–655.

Scholin, C.A., and D.M. Anderson. 1996. Identification of Alexandrium species and strains using RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified LSU rDNA. Harmful and toxic algal blooms: 451–454.

Scholin, C.A., and D.M. Anderson. 1996. LSU rDNA-based RFLP assays for discriminating species and strains of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 32: 1022–1035.

Vrieling, E.G., R.P.T. Koeman, C.A. Scholin, P. Scheerman, L. Peperzak, M. Veenhuis, and W.W.C. Gieskes. 1996. Identification of a domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in the Dutch Wadden Sea with electron microscopy and molecular probes. European Journal of Phycology, 31: 333–340.

Scholin, C.A., G.M. Hallegraeff, and D.M. Anderson. 1995. Molecular evolution of the Alexandrium tamarense 'species complex' (Dinophyceae): dispersal in the North American and west Pacific regions. Phycologia, 34: 472–485.

Scholin, C.A., and D.M. Anderson. 1994. Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). I. RFLP analysis of SSU rRNA genes. Journal of Phycology, 30: 744–754.

Scholin, C.A., M.C. Villac, K.R. Buck, J.M. Krupp, D.A. Powers, G.A. Fryxell, and F.P. Chavez. 1994. Ribosomal DNA sequences discriminate among toxic and non-toxic Pseudonitzschia species. Natural Toxins, 2: 152–165.

Judge, B.S., C.A. Scholin, and D.M. Anderson. 1993. RFLP analysis of a fragment of the large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene of globally distributed populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium. Biological Bulletin, 185: 329–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/BBLv185n2p329

Scholin, C.A., D.M. Anderson, and M.L. Sogin. 1993. Two distinct small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes in the North American toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 29: 209–216.